Syzygy Woodworks

May 24, 2013June 6, 2013

Tissue Box Cover – Part 1

This week I will be covering the cutting of the four sides and top for the tissue box cover I am making for my wife. The panels are laid out so that the grain will be continuous around the box and the cuts are made on the crosscut sled with the blade set at 45 degrees.

The top and sides are first cut slightly oversize. They need to be clearly marked. I have labelled the pieces with chalk, 3 will butt to 3, 4 will butt to 4 etc. As a lot of the work in this project is set up, I deceided to make two tissue box covers at the same time, hence the A label indicating it is the first of two boxes.

The first cut made on each of the side is the vertical or upright joint on the left. This establishes a 45 degree miter cut that runs at right angles to the base of the cover.

The same is done on one of the sides of the top piece.

A stop block is clamped to the fence of the cross cut sled and the vertical right hand joint is cut on each of the side pieces. While the stop block is in this position, cut the other three sides of the top piece. The top is square and it is important that the length of each side of the top be exactly the same as the width of each side.

The stop block is now moved and each side piece is rotated 90 degrees and the horizontal joint cut. This also establishes the height of the tissue box cover.

To test the accuracy of the joints it is a good idea to do a dry run prior to glue up. The four sides are laid out in order against the fence with the show side up. Some tape is stretched across the pieces …

… and the box is rolled up and taped closed.

The top piece is then taped in place. All the joints look good, so I can proceed to the next step which will be embellishing the sides and top with some wood turning. I’ll cover that in the next post.

May 17, 2013May 17, 2013

Quick and Easy Crosscut Sled

I built a crosscut sled many years ago and it has seen a lot of use. However, I have always wanted another crosscut sled set up with the table saw blade tilted to 45 degrees. Although the blade is titled, the principles behind the crosscut sled and its making are exactly the same if the blade were set at 90 degrees. It is a quick and easy project and will provide a jig which you will use in projects over and over again. A very useful addition to your workshop.

The image above shows the materials needed for construction of the crosscut sled.

A sheet of 1/2″ MDF cut to 2′ x 3′.
Two strips of hard maple sized to fit snugly in the miter gauge slots.
A piece of hard maple approximately 1″x 3″ x 12″ for the bridge. This will not really act as a fence, it is solely there to help keep the two halves of the sled together at the front.
A piece of hard maple approximately 1 1/2″ x 2 x 24″ for the fence. It is important that this piece is jointed so that it is perfectly straight.

Set a couple of washers in the miter gauge slots so that the runners are raised slightly above the surface of the table saw. Set the table saw fence at 18″ and lower the blade completely.

Run a thin bead of glue on each runner. Then butt the MDF against the table saw fence and slowly lower it down onto the runners. Using appropriately sized nails, tack the MDF sheet to the runners in a couple of spots.

The MDF sheet can know be lifted up with the runners in place and flipped upside down. Drill, countersink and screw the runners to the sheet from the underside.

Drill and countersink pilot holes for the bridge and the fence. Drill the holes for the fence slightly oversize. Be careful to position these holes so that they are well clear of the table saw blade!

Clamp the fence to the front edge of the sled and attach it with the screws. Also screw the bridge in place at the front of the sled.

Set the table saw blade to 45 degrees. If you are making a regular cross cut sled, then check the blade is at 90 degrees at this point.

Run the sled through the blade and establish a kerf. If you always use the same blade with the sled then this will be a zero clearance kerf supporting the work on the underside and preventing tear out.

The screws on the fence are now loosened slightly and the fence is set so that it is straight and at right angles to the saw kerf. As you can see, my wooden mallet has been well used since I made it.

This was just a test piece from some scrap plywood. It shows how I will be making the tissue box cover. I was pleased with the results. The vertical cuts were all square to the base of the box and all the miter joints fitted together perfectly.

I mentioned in the previous post how I planned on decorating the tissue box cover with some wood turning. The image is a teaser shot showing where I’m going with that.

May 11, 2013May 11, 2013

Continuous Grain on a Box

I’m going to be doing some woodworking on the next couple of posts. My wife asked me to make her a tissue box cover. Considering how understanding and supportive she is of the time I spend in my workshop it is always nice to have the opportunity to make something for her. I plan on making a tissue box cover with mitered joints. I also have an idea to embellish the sides and the tops of the cover with some wood turning.

The situation does remind me of a joke I saw a while back. Two ladies were talking and the one asked “How is your husbands new woodworking hobby coming along?” The second lady replied, “Great! Can I interest you in a $5000 paper towel holder?”

While not technically a box, as the cover has no bottom, I did want to try and ensure the grain flowed around the sides of the box. Getting the grain to flow across three of the four corners is pretty easy. However to get the grain to flow around all four corners does require an additional step. You need to start out with a piece of wood that is equal in length to the front or back and one of the sides. Further, the board needs to be twice as thick as you need the final sides to be.

Here I have a piece of walnut which I have jointed on one face and edge and then planed. It is about an inch thick.

The next step is to resaw the board in half.

Then each board is cut in half.

I have now reassembled the four boards in the configuration they were before the board was resawn. I’ve also labelled each corner. The next two images show how the box is “opened’ and it should be clear how the grain will flow continuously around the entire box.

Please Note: I am making a square box, which is why I cut each resawn board in half. If you are making a rectangular box you will need to adjust the cuts accordingly. Each resawn board should be crosscut in order to yield the front or back of the box and a side. The diagram below illustrates this.

In closing I want to remind readers that you can have these blog posts delivered to you automatically via email. Just go to https://syzygywoodworks.com/news/ and in the right hand column you will see a box to subscribe to the blog.

May 3, 2013April 28, 2013

Remote Switch for Powermatic 3520B

One of the first modifications I made to my Powermatic 3520B was a remote switch. I had one on my previous lathe and had grown comfortable with it. I like to keep the switch on the lathe bed by the tail stock, so I don’t have to reach through the “line of fire” if I need to switch the lathe off in a hurry.

Most of the instructions you find on the internet for making a remote switch involve relocating the on/off switch only. I wanted to relocate both the on/off switch and the variable speed dial. Being somewhat “electronically challenged” I also needed a simple method that didn’t involve a lot of rewiring. After much searching I finally found the following set of instructions on the AAW Forum.

http://www.aawforum.org/vbforum/showthread.php?p=51600#post51600

It was pretty simple to do. Once I had sourced the various parts it took me about an hour to assemble everything. In essence all you are doing is putting a longer wire between the control panel that holds the on/off switch and speed dial ant the wires in the head stock. I have been using it for over a year now and have not experienced any problems.

I removed the control panel from the head stock and took a couple pictures with my cell phone so that I would have a reference of which wire went where.

Then I went shopping in the electric department at Home Depot.

Conduit box.

Male and female disconnects.

Spade terminals and snap connectors.

Next stop was NAPA auto parts.

10 feet of trailer wire. They did not have 5 conductor wire, so I got some 6 conductor and didn’t use one of the wires.

Total cost was around $35. $15 at Home Depot and the trailer wire cost $2 a foot.

Push the wire through the hole at the back of the head stock. Remove the grommet from the hole first. It’s a very tight fit. I couldn’t get the grommet back in the hole fully, you might have better luck.

Connect all the wires at the headstock side.

Put the connectors on the remote side of the cable. I made the red plug from some scrap rubber. Cut it to fit the conduit box and drilled a ½” hole in it to accept the cable.

I cut the back outlet thingy off the conduit box at the band saw. Then I cut a piece of scrap wood the size of the conduit box. Epoxied six ½” x 1/8” rare earth magnets into the wood and then screwed the wood to the backside of the conduit box. You need some strong magnets. The on/off switch on the control panel takes quite a bit of force to pull out and if the magnets are not strong enough you will pull the remote box off the lathe trying to turn the lathe on.

The back of the box.

I gave the conduit box and cover a coat of appliance paint and let it dry overnight. Before I painted the cover plate I drilled the holes with a ¼” bit and kinda elongated them by pulling them against the bit. The spacing on them is a little close to fit over the holes on the headstock and so some tweaking was needed.

The headstock with the conduit cover in place of the control panel.

The remote switch. It sticks in the horizontal position better than in the vertical position due to the curved sides of the lathe ways.

April 26, 2013April 21, 2013

Custom Live Center Cones

After my last post on turning a sphere using the Soren Berger Sphere Calipers, I received some queries on making the live center cup that holds the sphere during the final stage of turning the sphere. Custom live center cones are easy to make and open up many possibilities for supporting the work piece on the tail stock side. I have the Jet live center that came with my Powermatic and it has 3/4 – 10 threads on it. This is the same size as the threads on the popular Oneway live center.

To make custom live center cones you will need a 3/4 – 10 tap, a 5/8 drill bit and a 3/4 – 10 bolt around 2 1/2″ long.

Mount a block of wood in a chuck, turn it round and true up the face. It is best if the wood is mounted in a face grain orientation, as if you were turning a bowl. The threads that are tapped into the wood will be stronger with the grain orientated like this. Once trued up, drill a hole around 1 1/2″ deep with the 5/8″ drill bit.

To tap the block of wood on the lathe I use the following procedure. First lock the spindle on the lathe. Then position the tap at the mouth of the drilled hole and support the other side of it using a 60 degree live center. Most taps have a hole or dimple on this end allowing you to do this. Then comes the part that requires a bit of co-ordination 🙂 Using a wrench turn the tap and as it threads into the lathe turn the wheel on the tail stock to help drive and support the tap. It is actually a lot easier than it sounds.

You will need to tap the blank deep enough that when threaded onto the live center it bottoms out and the blank makes contact with the live center. This will help to support the live center cone, in much the same way that a blank held chuck jaws is supported by the shoulders of the jaws as well as gripped by the jaws. Check that this is the case before proceeding.

With the head removed from the 3/4 – 10 bolt, mount it in the chuck with a set of pin jaws. Now would also be a great time to release the spindle lock on the lathe!

Screw the blank onto the 3/4 -10 bolt. You did remember to release the spindle lock on the lathe, didn’t you?

The blank can now be turned to whatever shape you need. This custom live center cone will be used to support a goblet while the stem of the goblet is being turned.

The image below shows the finished custom live center cone mounted and ready for use.

A variety of custom live center cones for a variety of purposes. From left to right:

A cone to fit in the mouth of a hollow form and support it.
A cup to support a sphere.
A convex shape to support a goblet.
A cylinder to support a pepper mill.

April 19, 2013April 19, 2013

Using the Soren Berger Sphere Calipers

The gifted among us can turn a sphere by eye. For the rest of us some system is necessary to turn a spherical object. I’ve written previously about a method Al Hockenbery demonstrated on how to turn a sphere. Since then I have acquired a set of Soren Berger Sphere Calipers. They use the same principle as the previous method, but take out the math. The calipers consist of a large set of jaws, which when set to the diameter of the sphere, will automatically set two smaller “birds mouth” jaws to the correct spacing to enable you to turn the cylinder, into a square first, then an octagon and finally a sixteen sided shape, from where it is relatively easy to smooth out the sphere. The image below shows the Soren Berger Sphere Calipers. You can see the large jaws towards the bottom of the picture and the two “birds mouth” jaws toward the top of the picture. The smaller set of “birds mouth” jaws are nearly obscured by my thumb.

The blank that I am turning is a piece of hickory, just over 4″ long and 3″ diameter. Once the blank has been turned to a cylinder measure the diameter using the large set of jaws. Then transfer that dimension to the blank and turn the blank to that dimension, essentially creating a “square” cylinder whose length is equal to the diameter.

Then, using the large “birds mouth” jaws, make four marks on the blank equal distances from the corners of the blank.

Turn away the wood between these marks in a straight line. There are two “shoulders” which need to be turned away. We are now left with an octagonal shape, which contains the sphere.

Using the small “birds mouth” jaws, once again make a mark either side of each “corner” of the blank. This time we will make a total of eight marks. Sorry, but I forgot to take pictures of the small “birds mouth” jaws in action, but you can clearly see the eight lines that are established using them

Things can start to look a bit confusing at this point, so it can be beneficial to color in the spaces between each set of marks in order to clarify which areas need to be turned away. This time there are four “shoulders” to be turned away. As before, make sure the areas are turned away in a straight line. Any concave lines will bite into the sphere. Once the areas are turned away we are left with a sixteen sided polygon or hexadecagon. Regardless of what you call it, you can see that it started to look an awful lot like a sphere.

The next step is to free the sphere from the hexadecagon. I find light cuts and a slow measured approach are the key at this point.

The tenons are then turned down and then cut off with a handsaw with the lathe turned off. It always surprises me as to how small you can turn the tenons if you take care! When the handsaw cut is made, the blade is angled away from the sphere so that a small nub is left. If the saw cut is made straight down then there will be a small indent in the side of the sphere.

The sphere is then mounted between cup cnenters and the nubs are turned off. For a detailed explanation on how to make the cup centers you can refer back to my previous post on turning a sphere.

Once the nubs are turned away, the sphere is sanded and a coat of wax applied …

… and then into the bowl it goes with the rest of them!

April 12, 2013April 14, 2013

Wooden chuck jaws

I needed to make another set of wooden chuck jaws for a project I am working on. Wooden chuck jaws can be quite useful. They are quick to make, cheap and can be custom made to suit a particular project. They have the added advantage that you can hold a piece without the risk of damage from the jaws. The obvious disadvantage is they are not as strong as metal jaws, so care and thought needs to be used in their application.

With these jaws I needed to hold a sphere around 3″ in diameter, so I needed the useful depth of the jaws to be at least 1 1/2″. I say useful depth, because about 1/2″ of the jaws will be taken up by the screws attaching them to the chuck. With that in mind, the first step was to joint and glue a couple 2×4 lengths together. Once the glue had cured, I cut 4 3 1/2″ sections as shown in the image below. I planned on mounting these jaws to my Vicmarc VM120 chuck and so I also needed some M6 x 1.0 pitch screws, 20mm long, that’s about 3/4″.

Using an appropriately sized transfer punch and the regular metal jaws I marked the locations of the eight holes on the four blanks. I also numbered the blanks.

I then moved to my drill press. I drilled a 1/4″ hole at the marks all the way through the blanks. I did this from the underside of the jaws, the side that would be against the chuck, in order to reduce any alignment issues. I then flipped the blank over and drilled a 15/32″ hole almost all the way through the blanks. I set the stop on the drill press so that the drill would stop about 1/2″ from the underside of the blank. That way when the screws were placed in the hole just over an 1/8″ would protrude out the bottom of the blank.

I then moved to the bandsaw and cut the blanks to form a circle.

The blanks were then screwed to the chuck …

… the chuck mounted to the lathe, and the wooden jaws were turned round and the face trued up. Use caution, a slow speed and light cuts, until you are assured the blanks are secure on the chuck. After you have turned the jaws round, and before you true up the face, remember to transfer the jaw numbers to the outside of the jaws.

A cylindrical hole was then hollowed in the wooden jaws. Again, use caution, especially at the bottom of this hole, to make sure you don’t hit the screw heads with your gouge.

A test sphere for the project I am working on was then held securely in the jaws and hollowed.

April 2, 2013April 2, 2013

Silver solder a bandsaw blade

To my mind, one of the biggest factors in getting a good cut on a bandsaw is a sharp blade. Things like blade tension, blade guide set up etc are all important, but if the blade is not sharp you will have tracking problems, the blade will wander within the cut and you will have to force the wood through the cut. However, at $20 and up for a blade it is always tempting to use the blade long past when it should have been sharpened or replaced.

For years I have thought about the convenience and cost savings of making my own blades up. I always hesitated, worried that it would be difficult or involve expensive welding equipment. Well a couple of months ago, inspired by a Popular Woodworking article by John Wilson, I took the plunge and ordered a Bandsaw Blade Splicing Kit from Lee Valley and 100 foot coil of Lenox Flexback bandsaw blade, and started making my own blades up. I have been surprised at how quick and easy it is. The shop made blades are far cheaper as well, about $8 per blade. My only regret is that I didn’t start doing this years ago.

The image below shows everything that I use to make up the blades.

100 foot coil of bandsaw blade stock.
Bandsaw blade splicing kit including the jib, flux and ribbon silver solder. (Note: this is silver solder, not soft solder that is used for plumbing)
Propane torch.
Gloves.
Toothpick to apply the flux 🙂

First, measure and mark the blade. The blades for my bandsaw need to be 105″. Add about an 1/8″ of an inch to allow for the scarf overlap.

Cut the blade at that mark.

Hold the two ends back to back and touch them to the grinder to square them off. If you are off by a degree or so the fact that the ends were back to back will cancel that out. (This is a similar principle to joint two pieces of lumber at the same time.) You can also use a belt sander to square the ends of the blade and grind the bevel for the scarf joint.

Set the blade in the jig to double check the joints are square when the blade is aligned in a straight line.

Change the grinder platform angle to approximately 25 degrees and grind a bevel on each end. The bevel needs to be about an 1/8″ long. Note, you need to grind the bevel on opposite faces of the blade.

The image and diagram show the beveled edges. The joint is open here to try show the bevel. The joint needs to be closed tight when the flux and solder are applied and the joint is soldered together.

Place some of the flux on each bevel. Cut a piece of the ribbon silver solder the same length as the blade is wide and place it in the joint.

Using the propane torch, heat the blade until the silver solder melts and flows. The blade turns red hot at this point.

Allow the joint to cool. The metal has become hardened and brittle by the heat of the soldering, so it needs to be annealed. Back the torch away from the blade and apply heat for a few seconds, allow the blade to cool for about ten seconds, then back the torch away another inch and apply a couple more seconds heat, repeat this four or five times, drawing the torch back each time.

If the blade breaks during use, then have a look at where it broke. If it breaks at the joint, then insufficient flux or heat was applied during the soldering process. If it breaks within a coupe inches of the joint, then the blade was not annealed properly. If it breaks somewhere else, then the problem was not with the soldering of the joint.

Once the blade has cooled the joint needs to be filed smooth. Both sides of the blade and the back edge of the blade need to be filed and the surplus flux and metal removed.

The finished joint. One final note, check the orientation of the blade before you put it on the bandsaw. You may need to twist the blade inside out to get it orientated correctly. It needs to be orientated with the teeth facing toward you and pointing down.

March 24, 2013March 24, 2013

Panther Chainsaw Mill

I have been wanting to get some form of portable mill for a long time now. Portable mills can be divided into two categories, bandsaw mills and chainsaw mills. After much research, I finally settled on a chainsaw mill. My reasons for this were as follows:

Cost. An entry-level chainsaw mill costs a couple hundred dollars (not including the chainsaw), while an entry-level bandsaw mill costs a couple thousand.
Portability. The chainsaw mill is obviously considerably smaller than a bandsaw mill and so has the edge on portability.
Width of cut. Achieving a wider cut with a chainsaw mill is simply a matter of putting on a longer bar, assuming you have the power head to run it. A wider cut with a bandsaw mill starts to mean a much bigger and more expensive mill.
Waste. While the waste due to the kerf of a chainsaw is considerably more than that of a bandsaw, this was not really a major factor for me. I don’t plan on milling a huge amount of wood and I am milling the wood for my personal use, not for resale. Also the vast majority of the wood I will be milling will be reclaimed wood and won’t cost me anything so a little bit wasted due to the thicker kerf is not a big deal.
Ease of use. The bandsaw mill requires a whole lot less effort to use. Again, due to the limited amount of milling I will be doing, breaking a sweat with the chainsaw mill occasionally is not going to be a big deal.

Having decided on a chainsaw mill I needed to decide on which model/brand. Taking into account many of the reasons above I decided to get an Alaskan Chainsaw style mill. I was all set to purchase one of the original Granberg Alaskan Chainsaw Mills when I came across the Panther Chainsaw Mill. Looking through the website and searching for reviews of the mill I liked what I saw and placed my order for the Panther Mill II, along with a 6′ slabbing rail and an auxiliary oiler.

I knew that the mill was made by a small outfit, a guy based here in Florida on the other side of the state. I also read that delivery was not always quickest as the mills were made to order. I was in no hurry so that didn’t bother me. My mill actually took just over a month to arrive. I called about the order two weeks after it was placed and received an apology that he had some health issues. Another call two weeks later and I was told the mill was in production and would be shipped shortly. A couple of days later it arrived. It would have been nice to have received an email about the delay but at the end of the day it wasn’t that big of an issue.

The following are my first impressions of the mill. Actually they are also my first impressions of milling in general. This is a totally new area to me. I have done a lot of research into it, but today was the first time I’ve seen any sort of mill in real life. So bear that in mind while reading, I’m just getting started with this!

Opening the box, I saw the contents had been well packaged and it was obvious from the outset that the mill had been built well and by someone who cared about what he was doing. Just lying in the box it looked rock solid. No buyers remorse at all, I was very pleased with what I saw.

As well as the obligatory warning page, a couple of pages of assembly and use instructions had been included. They were well written and it seemed like I wouldn’t have much problem putting the mill together. It would have been nice to have had a couple more detail shots, but between the pictures and written instructions it was easy enough to figure out.

The first step was to attach the skid bar to the main body and bar clamp/height adjuster. The later came in two halves and each had already been assembled.

Next I needed to attach the push bar to the main body.

Finally I could loosen the bar clamps and slide the chainsaw into place.

Here are a couple of detail shots of the bar clamps at the tip of the bar and near the power head.

Two big bolts, one on each side of the main body, allow for the height adjustment. I initially set the assembly for an 8/4 cut.

A couple of technical specifications. I am a running a Stihl MS066 power head with a 32″ bar. I got it used on eBay from a guy in Canada. The mill is the Panther Mill II 42″, so I have the option of putting a longer bar on the chainsaw at some point in the future. The chain is a regular chain, not a ripping chain. I may be mistaken, but I did read that all a ripping chain does is provide a smoother cut. I’m not sure if it puts less stress on the chainsaw. As a lot of the wood I’ll be milling will end up on the lathe, I’m not really concerned about getting as smooth a cut as possible.

Now that it was fully assembled and all the bolts double checked it was time to head outside and put it to the test. I had been saving a log of maple for this occasion, it had probably been in my shop for about four to six months. The first step was to screw the slabbing rail to the log. This was going to provide a level and straight platform to register the first cut from.

Here are some action shots of the first cut in progress. I got a bit caught up in the moment and totally forgot to put my hearing protection on! Just left the headphones lying off to the side, my bad. Unfortunately I also miscalculated by about a quarter-inch the depth of the screws fixing the slabbing rail to the log. This after specifically reading in the instructions to watch out for this. Lesson learned. The chain was dulled by the brief contact with the screws as I realized my mistake and definitely made the cut a lot more work than it needed to be.

In spite of my rookie mistakes, the cut came out really well, and removing the slabbing rail revealed a smooth surface in the spalted maple. Here in Florida the challenge is often how to get the wood not to spalt!

Having removed the slabbing rail, the smooth freshly cut surface now provides a platform to register the next cut from. All subsequent cuts are now registered from the previous cut. I did realize to that I needed to adjust the height before the second cut as the depth had increased due to the slabbing rail not being used. Here are some action shots of the second cut.

The instructions had warned of a big grin after cutting your first slab. They were right!

All in all I’m really pleased with my purchase. I plan on using it to mill wood but for my woodturning, platters, bowl blanks, hollow form blanks and wall hangings, as well as my woodworking goal of making natural edge slab tables. I think it will work very well for what I intend to use it for.

March 17, 2013

End Grain Vessel with Pewter Rim

The blank selected should be approximately 4” x 4” x 6”. The grain should be orientated such that it runs parallel to the lathe. It is important that the blank is dry.

Mount the blank between centers. Turn it round, square off the end by the tailstock and turn a tenon to match your chuck. (In the first image, I have a steb center mounted in my chuck jaws)

Turn the blank around and mount in the chuck jaws. True it up and square off the end.

Cut groves in the end face of the blank to form a mold into which the pewter will be cast.

The image above shows a section through the blank, illustrating the dovetail which holds the pewter to the blank.

The image above shows the pewter being poured from the electric melting pot.

True up the face of the blank.

Turn the first inch of the exterior of the vessel. Clean up the pewter using a skew as a negative rake scraper. Cut a small chamfer on the top lip of the pewter rim using the skew in the same manner.

Using the long point of a skew, cut a small bevel to clean up the junction between the wood and the pewter. Then embellish the rim using a texturing tool.

The image above shows the exterior of the pewter rim.

Using a detail gouge, hollow out the first inch of the vessel.

Again using the skew as a negative rake scraper, clean up the top of the rim and cut a small chamfer on the inside lip of the rim.

The pewter rim is now complete.

Turn most of the exterior of the vessel, leaving some bulk at the base to add stability when hollowing.

Drill a hole to the final depth and then hollow out the interior. In the image on the right I am using a Termite tool to hollow with, but you could also do the hollowing with a detail gouge.

A negative rake scraper can be used to smooth out the interior of the vessel.

The exterior of the vessel is now turned to completion and sanded. It is a good idea to protect the pewter rim with some blue painters tape while sanding. The vessel is then parted off with an undercut.

A tenon is then formed on the remainder of the blank to form a jam chuck in order to finish off the underside of the vessel.

The completed end grain vessel with pewter rim.